| Jewish Xian |
JX |
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| Jews Against The Occupation |
JATO |
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| Jews For Judaism |
J4J |
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| Ji-nushi-gami |
Literally 'landlord kami'. The deity associated with an area of land. Similar to tochigami, ta no kami, jigami |
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| Jichinsai |
The "ground purification ceremony" held for virtually every new private or public building in Japan. It used to have both Buddhist and Shinto-type forms but is nowadays normally conducted by a Shinto priest for the owners and the construction firm. Once levelled, the site is marked out as a temporary shrine (himorogi) with shimenawa, sakaki branches etc. and then purified in a ritual which appeases the kami of the land and local spirits, calls on their protection for the future occupants and cleanses the site of any undesirable influences. Also called ji-matsuri and toko-shizume-no-matsuri, it is probably derived from Taoism. While few Japanese would see participation in jichinsai as involving religious commitment of any kind and the ceremony does not involve named or enshrined kami, like and the Yasukuni Shrine question jichinsai has been the focus of postwar legal and constitutional controversy when the ceremony has been carried out in relation to public buildings. Citizens of Tsu city in Mie prefecture took legal action against their mayor in 1965, arguing that in paying Shinto priests to perform a jichinsai for a new public gymnasium he had contravened Article 89 of the Constitution which prohibits the use of public funds for religious purposes. This well-publicised action reached the Supreme Court but was ultimately unsuccessful, with possible future implications for the constitutional status of Shinto as a religion |
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| Jidai matsuri |
'Festival of the Ages'. One of the three great festivals of Kyoto. A historical pageant held on October 22nd at the Jingu in Kyoto. It started in 1896, the year after the shrine (then ranked as a kampei taisha; see Kampeisha) was built. A procession of characters dressed in period costume represents the thousand-year history of Kyoto as the old capital of Japan, from the Heian through the Kamakura, Muromachi, Azuchi-momoyama, Edo and periods. The parade encapsulates Japan's collective past, left behind when the capital moved to Tokyo and the country embarked on its phase of modernisation. The procession of 1700 marchers (which since 1945 has included women) begins with the nineteenth century and works backward to the eighth |
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| Jigami |
Land-kami. A term used in Western Japan, similar to jinushigami or tochigami. It refers to the enshrined spirit of a village founder or one who first cultivates the land in a particular area. The shrine is usually located in a corner or border of a field. In some cases ancestors are thought to become jigami. Jigami may also be equated with ta no kami |
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| Jikkan |
The "ten stems" used in the Chinese system of counting by ten stems and twelve branches (eto) widely used in Japan. See |
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| Jikko-kyo |
"Practice Teaching'. One of the thirteen sects of shinto It developed out of a lay mountain-religion tradition founded in the early eighteenth century by Ito, Jikigyo who regarded himself as an incarnation of the Miroku. Ito's "Miroku-ha" was itself derived from the teachings of the sixteenth century ascetic of Mt. Fuji, Hasegawa, Kakugyo (1541-1646) The teachings were reinterpreted by Kotani Sanshi Rokugyo (d.1841) who taught that the whole world was under the care of the kami Father and Mother of All (Moto-no-chichi-haha) who resides on Mt. Fuji, and reinterpreted again by the Buddhist priest Tokudaiji, Sangyo who eliminated all references to Buddhist deities in accordance with orthodoxy. After the restoration Tokudaiji worked with his associate Shibata, Hanomori (1809-1890) to align the movement with the "taikyo" principles of the Meiji restoration and it was recognised as a sect supervised by the Shinto jimukyoku (see Shinto Taikyo) in 1873. In 1882 it became an independent sect called Shinto Jikko-kyo with Shibata as the first high priest. He is generally regarded as the founder. The sect combined reverence for Mt. Fuji with emperor-worship and broadly Confucian ethical principles. Shibata's son attended the 1893 World's Parliament of Religions in Chicago. Today the teachings emphasise cheerfulness and sincerity in daily work. Thousands of members dressed in white climb Fuji every August shouting 'rokkon shojo' ('purification of the six sense-organs') a phrase drawn from the Buddhist Lotus Sutra (Hokekyo) though in all respects the group has a strong "Shinto" identity. The main objects of worship are three kami; of heaven, ancestral spirits and earthly kami, situated on Mt. Fuji |
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| Jingi |
Another term for |
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| Jingi kanjo |
'Anointment by the kami (jingi) '. A initiation ceremony of Shinto |
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| Jingi-in |
Wartime "Shrine Board" (of the Ministry of Home Affairs) established in 1940 as an expansion of the to promote Shinto. It was responsible for the administration of shrines and abolished in the Directive |
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| Jingihaku |
"Councillor of Divinities" an office of the Imperial court traditionally occupied by the and Shirakawa houses who were authorised to appoint shrines and priests to ranks in return for contributions. This vital prerogative was lost to the new in 1868 but the title of Jingihaku was retained by the priestly families with control of a palace cult of the imperial tutelary deities |
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| Jingikan |
The "Department of Divinity" responsible for which together with the according to the system, constituted the government. The original jingikan which survived as part of the imperial court in Kyoto finally disappeared in 1590 when its central shrine, the Hasshin-den was moved to the palace of the family, to whom its shrine-governing powers were transferred. The new 1868 version of the Jingikan was intended to wrest power from the Yoshida and Shirakawa and achieve comprehensive central control of shrines and the priesthood. A cherished ideal of later National Learning (kokugaku) activists such as Okuni, Takamasa, the Jingikan was for three years the highest organ of state but in 1871, with continuing dissension about its nature and purpose, it was reduced to a Ministry (Jingisho) and in 1872 its status reduced further and its functions placed under the control of the See also |
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| Jingisho |
Ministry of Divinity 1871-1872. See |
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| Jingu |
Shrine of a kind formally superior to including the two Ise shrines (naiku, geku) and some shrines where imperial ancestors are enshrined |
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| Jingu Kogakukan |
"Imperial Learning Hall University'. One of the two large Shinto universities responsible for the training of priests, (the other is Kokugakuin) It was established in 1882 under the name of Jingu Kogakukan (or Kogakkan) near the jingu as part of the attempt to develop a coherent Shinto doctrine following the divisive 'pantheon dispute" (saijin ronso) of the 1870's. It was set up to educate the sons of shrine priests and later moved to Uji Yamada where it became a Shinto training institute of the Ministry of Home Affairs until the end of the war. Those trained as Shinto priests up to 1945 were automatically qualified to be schoolteachers. As a government-funded religious institution it was closed down by the occupation administration in 1945. It reopened in 1952 as a private university after a funding campaign heavily supported by government figures including the prime minister and was rebuilt in 1962 on its original site at Ise |
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| Jingu taima |
The formal name given to the millions of or amulets of Amaterasu distributed by the Ise shrine. It constitutes a "seat" of the kami through which she may be worshipped. Smaller or o-harai of Amaterasu are distributed for personal use |
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| Jingu-kyo |
A religious and educational organisation founded in 1872 attached to the Jingu It acquired the status of a Shinto sect during the period but is not counted among the thirteen "Sect Shinto" (kyoha shinto) groups. Organised by Urata, Nagatami (18401893) who served in the and in Tokyo, its first leader was Tanaka, Yoritsune, chief priest of the Ise shrine. Jingu-kyo built its activities on the networks previously developed by the of the Ise Jingu, many of whom became national evangelists of the great promulgation campaign (taikyo senpu undo) of 1870-1884. It was dissolved in September 1899 to be reclassified as a secular organisation, the Jingu Hosai-kai (Ise Shrine Offering Association) It was later renamed the Tokyo-dai-jingu |
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| Jinguji |
A Buddhist place of worship set up within or by a shrine to a kami. The usual arrangement before bunri Cf. |
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