law	bench trial	суд без участия присяжных (A bench trial is a trial held before a judge sitting without a jury. The term is chiefly used in common law jurisdictions to describe exceptions from jury trial, as most ... wiki)
		law	bench warrant	судебный ордер (A warrant issued by the judge for an absent defendant to be arrested and brought before a Court. LT)
		law	building contract	договор строительного подряда (more UK hits)
		law	business address	адрес фирмы (Premises or place from which business activities take place. LT)
		law	case citation	ссылка на дело (MT – When referring to a case it is necessary to cite the case, in other words provide the case citation, for example: Series 5 Software Ltd v Clarke (1996) 1 All ER 853 (indicating the names of the parties and where the case can be found, i.e. in volume 1 of the All England Law Reports at page 853). LE)
		law	case citation	цитирование дела (MT; Case citation is the system used in many countries to identify the decisions in past court cases, either in special series of books called reporters or law reports, or in a "neutral" form which will identify a decision wherever it was reported. Although case citations are formatted differently in different jurisdictions, they generally contain the same key information. Where cases are published in paper form the citation will usually contain: the title of the reports; the volume number; page number; and year of decision. In some report series, for example in England and Australia, the volumes are not numbered independently of the year: thus the year and volume number (usually no greater than 4) are required to identify which book of the series has the case reported within its covers. wiki)
		law	chain of causation	причинная связь (The basic rule is that a person will only be liable for losses caused by their breach of contract. The breach need not be the sole cause but it must be an effective cause. In other words, there must be a ‘chain of causation'between the breach and the loss suffered by the claimant. If the chain of causation is broken by intervening acts (between the breach and the loss) that cannot be said to be reasonably foreseeable, then the defendant will not be liable for damages. LE2)
		law	charging order	приказ о наложении ареста (A court order directing that a charge be put on the judgment debtors’ property, such as a house or piece of land to secure payment of money due. This prevents the debtor from selling the property or land – without paying what is owed to the claimant. LT)
		law	civil justice	гражданское судопроизводство (Civil Justice or civil law: A branch of the law which applies to the rights and dealings of private citizens, (including such matters as unpaid debts, negligence and the enforcement of contracts). It does not include criminal, immigration, employment or family matters. LT)
		law	closing speech	заключительная речь (Defendant's counsel makes a short ‘closing speech', summing up the arguments and evidence in support of the Defendant's case and seeking to dispute the Claimant's claim. LE)
		law	cohabitee	сожитель (or cohabiter (cohabit: to live together as husband and wife, esp without being married). Collins. The Independent Investigating Officer will NOT be an Officer or. Member of the local authority. • S/he will not be a spouse or cohabitee of any employee of either ... ... residents to 60 years or older save for the spouse or cohabitee of any such residents jointly occupying a residential unit in the Development. UK)
		law	collateral estoppel	обстоятельство, установленное ранее по другому делу (An affirmative defense barring a party from relitigating an issue determined against that party in an earlier action, even if the second action differs significantly from the first one. – Also termed issue preclusion; issue estoppel; direct estoppel; estoppel by judgment; estoppel by record; estoppel by verdict; cause-of-action estoppel; estoppel per remjudicatam. Cf. RES JUDICATA. administrative collateral estoppel. Estoppel that arises from a decision made by an agency acting in a judicial capacity. defensive collateral estoppel. Estoppel asserted by a defendant to prevent a plaintiff from relitigating an issue previously decided against the plaintiff and for another defendant. offensive collateral estoppel. Estoppel asserted by a plaintiff to prevent a defendant from relitigating an issue previously decided against the defendant and for another plaintiff. BL)
		law	committal	передача на рассмотрение (Committal for trial: Following examination by the Magistrates of a case involving and indictable or either way offence, the procedure of directing the case to the Crown Court to be dealt with. LT)
		law	committal	совершение (действия – Committal for Sentence: Where the Magistrates consider that the offence justifies a sentence greater than they are empowered to impose they may commit the defendant to the Crown Court for sentence to be passed by a judge. LT)
		law	committee of inquiry	следственный комитет (parliament) a group set up to investigate something Usage examples As you know, we have announced we are immediately setting up a committee of inquiry. Forbes, Bryan A SONG AT TWILIGHT Mr Blair had wanted to establish a cross party committee of inquiry under Lord Butler, the former Cabinet Secretary. NEW ZEALAND HERALD 2004) On 6 November he announced that a wide-ranging committee of inquiry into the United Kingdom Prison Services would be set up. Coyle, Andrew & Stern, Vivien THE PRISONS WE DESERVE The affair has sparked controversy in Parliament and resulted in a special Upper House committee of inquiry into the affair. THE ADVERTISER, SUNDAY MAIL 2004). Collins)
		law	commodity market	товарный рынок (Commodity markets are markets where raw or primary products are exchanged. (wiki))
		law	common purpose	общая цель (In criminal law, the doctrine of common purpose, common design or joint enterprise refers to the situation where two or more people embark on a project with a common purpose that results in the commission of a crime. wiki)
		law	comptroller	ревизор (someone whose job is to look after the financial aspects of an organization. MED)
		law	conduct money	возмещение свидетелю расходов по явке в суд для дачи показаний (i) Money paid to a witness in advance of the hearing of a case as compensation for time spent attending Court ii) Commonly used to describe expenses paid to a debtor to cover the costs of traveling to Court. LT)
		law	contract killing	убийство по договору (Contract killing is a form of murder, in which one party hires another party to kill a target individual or group of people. It involves an illegal agreement between two parties in which one party agrees to kill the target in exchange for consideration, monetary, or otherwise. wiki)
		law	contributory negligence	небрежность истца (Partial responsibility of a claimant for the injury in respect of which he/she claims damages. LT)
		law	corroboration	дополнительное доказательство (Evidence by one person confirming that of another or supporting evidence, for example forensic evidence (bloodstain, fibres etc) in murder cases. LT)
		law	court jurisdiction	подсудность (для отличия от "подведомственности" (subject matter jurisdiction))
		law	crime scene	место совершения преступления (the place in which a crime took place: "Photographs of the crime scene began to arrive within twenty minutes." Collins.)
		law	cumulative remedy	совокупность средств судебной защиты (This type of clause provides that remedies provided for under the contract are in addition to any other rights or remedies a party might have. The aim of such a clause is to prevent a party from arguing that only one of a possible range of remedies can be used. LE2)
		law	current legislation	действующее законодательство (The South London Waste Plan has been found to be sound, subject to changes proposed by the four boroughs through delegated authority, and legally compliant. Under the current legislation, the Inspector’s Report is binding and so, if Members are minded to adopt it, it will be necessary to incorporate all the changes to the submitted plan which have been endorsed by the Inspector. The papers with this item include the South London Waste Plan with the changes incorporated.)
		law	declaration of intent	волеизъявление (statement/letter/declaration of intent: a formal or official statement that you intend to do something. MED. ... choice should nonetheless be respected and observed under domestic law as an appropriate use of party autonomy and as a declaration of the parties' intent ... | absence of a clear and compelling declaration of the parties' intent to create perpetual franchise agreements | An agreement providing for full labour markets integration merely as a future objective yet to be implemented, or as a simple declaration of the parties' intent, ... | the court seized upon the inconsistency to validate its declaration of the parties' intent.)
		law	demurrage	контрсталия (After the laytime has expired, and the vessel is on demurrage, no exceptions or interruptions to laytime are relevant, even during force-majure events such as strikes, etc. This is based on the principle that if the charterer had completed loading or discharging within the agreed laytime, the vessel would have left the port before the force-majure event could intervene; hence the thumb rule once on demurrage, always on demurrage. wiki)
		law	deprivation of liberty	лишение свободы
		law	despatch	денежное вознаграждение за сэкономленное время при погрузке или выгрузке (The reverse of demurrage is despatch. If the charterer requires the use of the vessel for less time than the laytime allowed, the charter party may require the shipowner to pay despatch for the time saved. wiki)
		law	disclosure	объявление (Revealing to another party to legal proceedings the past or present existence of evidential material (usually documents) which may be relevant to the case. LEG)
		law	discovery	представление сведений (the compulsory disclosure, by one party to an action to another, of relevant testimony or documents. NOED. Equivalent Modern Language: disclosure. LE)
		law	discovery	раскрытие сведений (In addition, US discovery rules give claimants wider pre-trial disclosure, increasing pressure on defendants to settle. LE)
		law	discovery of documents	раскрытие имеющихся по делу документов (see INSPECTION OF DOCUMENTS) Mutual exchange of evidence and all relevant information held by each party relating to the case. LT)
		law	dismissal	прекращение (дела – To make order or decision that a claim be ceased. LT)
		law	distinguish	доказывать неприменимость в качестве прецедента (It is very unusual however for two cases to be exactly the same in terms of facts and circumstances and lawyers will often try therefore to distinguish a previous court decision which is adverse to their particular case. LE)
		law	district judge	федеральный окружной судья (в США – A judicial officer of the Court whose duties involve hearing applications made within proceedings and final hearings subject to any limit of jurisdiction Previously known as Registrars. LT)
		law	duty of care	обязанность соблюдать осторожность (The proposed Defendant owed a duty of care to the Claimant. For instance in the case we look at in this chapter the duty relied upon is one firmly established by case-law, namely that a road user owes a duty of care to other road users. LE)
		law	en banc	в полном составе (En banc, in banc, in banco or in bank is a French term (meaning "on a bench") used to refer to the hearing of a legal case where all judges of a court will hear the case (an entire "bench"), rather than a panel of them. wiki)
		law	enforceable	могущий быть принудительно осуществлённым в судебном порядке (Rights provided under primary EU law are directly enforceable through UK courts if domestic law does not specifically grant those rights. LE)
1.07.2025	12:16:32	law	evidence	доказательства (Documentary or other material which is used to support a person's case in a court of law • ...listen carefully throughout the ‘trial', taking note of the evidence presented to the court.)
		law	excise tax	акцизный налог (To make matters worse, Finance Minister Alexei Kudrin in March unveiled plans for a fourfold increase in the excise tax on alcohol by 2014. TMT)
		law	exemplary damages	убытки, присуждаемые в порядке наказания (Additional compensation awarded by a court amounting to more than the actual losses sustained by a party and intended as a penalty to reflect the court’s particular disapproval of the Defendant’s conduct. (Usually only awarded in US courts, where some exemplary damages awards have amounted to hundreds of millions of dollars.) LEG)
		law	failure to comply	невыполнение (CPR 3.4(2) gives the court the power to strike out a statement of claim, inter alia, if there has been a failure to comply with a rule or Practice Direction. CME)
		law	filing	подача (документа – The process of delivering or presenting forms and other documents to a court. For example a claim or a defence to a claim must be filed. LT)
		law	forum-shopping	поиск "удобного" суда (All these things make litigation in the US very attractive for claimants and very unattractive for defendants, and this is what gives rise to forum shopping. LE)
		law	group insurance	коллективное страхование (insurance provided to members of a formal group such as employees of a firm or members of an association. Group insurance is distinguished from individual insurance in which single policies are sold to one person at a time and from social insurance (e.g., unemployment insurance, social security), which is sponsored by the government. Britannica)
		law	heir at law	наследник по закону (pl. heirs at law. a person who inherits, or has a right of inheritance in, the real property of one who has died without leaving a valid will. RHWD)
		law	house arrest	домашний арест (the state of being a prisoner in your own house rather than in a prison • to be under house arrest • She was placed under house arrest. OALD)
		law	implied terms	подразумеваемые условия (Implied terms are mainly created as a result of established caselaw or statute. (For example when a business enters into a contract for the sale of goods the Sale of Goods Act 1979 implies a term into the contract that the goods will be of satisfactory quality.). LE)
		law	in camera	в камере судьи (In a judge's private chambers, not in open court; gen. in secret or private session, not in public. SOED)
		law	incorporator	учредитель (1. one of the signers of the articles or certificate of legal incorporation. 2. one of the persons to whom the charter is granted in a corporation created by special act of the legislature. 3. a person who incorporates. RHWD)
		law	incriminating	уличающий
		law	ineligible	не имеющий права (ввиду неудовлетворения соответствующим установленным требованиям – Many people became ineligible to receive state aid because their earnings were above the new limit. CALD)
		law	innominate terms	условия, не подпадающие под установившуюся классификацию (There may also be situations in which it is unclear whether a certain term should be regarded as a fundamental term or as a warranty. These terms are called innominate terms in the UK. Breach of such a term can lead to termination of the contract where the seriousness of the results of the breach justifies it. LE2)
		law	innovation	новелла (A procedural innovation was that each side can put written questions to the other side’s expert. CME)
		law	insured value	страховая стоимость
		law	interlocutory	промежуточный (Interim, pending a full order/decision, e.g. interlocutory judgment for damages pending further hearing to assess amount to be awarded and entered as final judgment. LT)
		gen.	inventive step	изобретательский уровень (The inventive step and non-obviousness reflect a same general patentability requirement present in most patent laws, according to which an invention should be sufficiently inventive – i.e., non-obvious – in order to be patented.[1] In other words, "[the] nonobviousness principle asks whether the invention is an adequate distance beyond or above the state of the art."[2] The expression "inventive step" is predominantly used in Europe, while the expression "non-obviousness" is predominantly used in United States patent law.[1] Although the basic principle is roughly the same, the assessment of the inventive step and non-obviousness varies from one country to another. For instance, the practice of the European Patent Office (EPO) differs from the practice in the United Kingdom. WK)
		law	investigative committee	следственный комитет ("The Investigative Department of the Interior Ministry has established that shares in Investlesprom, being held through a raft of Cypriot companies, actually belong to Borodin and Akulinin and were acquired through the perpetration of criminal acts," the Investigative Committee's press service told RIA-Novosti. TMT. Yuliya Zhukova, a spokeswoman in the Moscow region for the investigative committee of the prosecutor general's office, said the office had conducted a thorough inquiry, but ultimately had to suspend it for lack of evidence. NYT)
		law	irresistible force	непреодолимая сила
		law AmE	issue preclusion	преюдиция (formerly known as collateral estoppel)
		law	judicial discretion	судейское усмотрение (Judges have the power to decide how best to manage the case on the individual facts. They do not necessarily have to look at how similar cases are managed. The judge has very wide case management powers under Rule 3 of the civil procedure rules to decide on the evidence parties produce how best to manage their case. LT)
		law	judicial protection	судебная защита (Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the various theoretical debates surrounding the judicial protection of human rights | The right to judicial protection, as enshrined in the Constitution, must be upheld even in the absence of legislative norms establishing a division of jurisdiction between the commercial courts and the courts of general jurisdiction. Kotov v. Russia)
		law	judicial review	судебный надзор (The High Court can review decisions of inferior (lower) courts, public bodies and other bodies to ensure that the decision making process has been lawful. LT)
		law	justiciable	могущий быть рассмотренным в судебном порядке (In Professor Hazel Genn’s study Paths to Justice 4,125 randomly selected adults were surveyed to find out how they had experienced and dealt with a variety of problems for which there might be a legal solution. About 40 per cent of the sample had experienced one or more of fourteen types of justiciable problems during the previous five years. CME)
		law	landlord	арендодатель (A person or organisation which owns land and / or buildings which are leased to tenants. LT)
		law	law of obligation	обязательственное право (Обязательственные права – права возникающие в связи с участием в образовании имущества юридического лица у его учредителей (участников) в отношении этого юридического лица. (wiki))
		law	legal case	судебное дело (However, the constant pressure of legal cases is having an effect. TG)
		law	legal effect	юридическая сила (and do not directly affect the content or the legal effect of the contract concluded by that party.)
		law	legal immunity	судебный иммунитет (Legal immunity is a type of legal protection which is offered to certain people in particular circumstances. The most well known example of legal immunity is probably prosecutorial immunity, which is sometimes offered to a witness in exchange for his or her testimony in a case. In many countries, judges are offered a form of legal immunity which is known as judicial immunity. Similar legal immunities are also sometimes offered to members of parliament or legislature. Diplomats and sovereigns also have a special type of legal immunity. wisegeek.com)
		law	legal opinion	юридическое заключение (n the United Kingdom and other common law countries, a legal opinion also refers to written legal advice on a point of law issued by either a barrister (often referred to as "counsel's opinion") or occasionally a senior government law officer, such as an attorney general. wiki)
		law	legal professional privilege	привилегия на сохранение адвокатской тайны (It is important that clients should be able to communicate fully with their legal advisers without fear that these communications will become known to the other side. Legal professional privilege is therefore an exception to the principle of disclosure. CME)
		law	legally acceptable	правомерный (To defend an unfair dismissal claim an employer must firstly satisfy the Employment Tribunal that the employee was dismissed for a legally acceptable reason pursuant to s. 98 of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (ERA). LE)
		law	legislation in force	действующее законодательство (20k UK hits)
		law	limitation	признак изобретения (в формуле изобретения; At any time during the patent term, as the owner of a Swedish or European patent valid in Sweden, you can request a so-called patent limitation. That means you limit the scope of protection of your patent claims, for example, to avoid a dispute in court.)
		law	limitation period	срок давности (исковой – The limitation period starts to run from the day after the claimant's cause of action accrues. In a negligence claim, the primary limitation period starts to run from the date that the client first suffered loss as a result of the solicitors' negligence.)
		law	lineal	родственник по прямой линии (related in a direct line of parents and children to someone who lived in the past a lineal descendant/ancestor. MED)
		law	liquidated damages	ликвидные убытки (определяемые посредством арифметического подсчёта; A term used to refer to a specifically quantifiable amount of monetary compensation which a Claimant is seeking from another party. (I.e. a sum which can be precisely calculated as opposed to an amount which is variable at the court’s discretion.) LE)
		law	locus standi	право обращения в суд (the right or capacity to bring an action or to appear in a court. NOED; In law, standing or locus standi is the term for the ability of a party to demonstrate to the court sufficient connection to and harm from the law or action challenged to support that party's participation in the case. wiki)
		law	lump sum	твёрдая сумма (also lump sum payment) noun an amount of money that is paid at one time and not on separate occasions: She was given a lump sum when she retired. OALD)
		law	mandatory order	обязывающий судебный приказ (об устранении результатов действий, совершенных в нарушение прав другого лица – old term: mandamus (order). LE)
		law	mens rea	вина (in Anglo-American law, criminal intent or evil mind. In general, the definition of a criminal offense involves not only an act or omission and its consequences but also the accompanying mental state of the actor. All criminal systems require an element of criminal intent for most crimes. Only Anglo-American systems, however, employ the term mens rea. Countries such as France and Japan simply specify that there must be a criminal intent unless a specific statute directs otherwise. Britannica)
		law	mental disorder	психическое заболевание (any illness with significant psychological or behavioral manifestations that is associated with either a painful or distressing symptom or an impairment in one or more important areas of functioning. Brit)
		law	misrepresentation	искажение фактов (making false or misleading statements which induce someone to enter into a contract. LE)
		law	mistreatment	ненадлежащее врачевание (no dict evidence)
		law	multiple voting	множественное голосование (голосование одного избирателя в нескольких избирательных округах – Among the most common infringements encountered was multiple-voting, when individuals cast votes more than once, as well as manipulated absentee ballots and limitations placed on election monitors' work. TMT)
		law	nationality	государственная принадлежность (The tax is particularly ruinous for Italy because it applies to any private aircraft which spends more than 48 hours in the country, whatever its nationality. With the grant of belligerent rights to Franco, no merchant ship, whatever its nationality, which attempts to carry cargo to or from loyalist Spain will be safe from ...)
		law	nominal damages	номинальное возмещение, имеющее символическое значение (Nominal damagesmay be given for breach of contract and for some torts (e.g. trespass) in which no actual damage has been caused, as a means of vindicating the claimant’s rights. LE2)
		law	notarial act	нотариальное действие
		law	official language	государственный язык (An official language is a language that is given a special legal status in a particular country, state, or other jurisdiction. Typically a nation's official language will be the one used in that nation's courts, parliament and administration. wiki)
		law	official secret	государственная тайна
		law	oral evidence	устные показания (свидетельские – Evidence given to a court, verbally rather than in writing. LT)
		law	oral examination	устный допрос (A method of questioning a person under oath before an officer of the Court to obtain details of their financial affairs. LT)
		law	out-of-court settlement	мировая сделка (=an agreement made to avoid a court case) The army denied liability but agreed on an out-of-court settlement. LDCE)
		law	ownerless	бесхозяйный (A Crown Estate spokesman said the precinct's "common areas" such as the walkway passed to The Crown Estate by "escheat" – a common law doctrine that operates to ensure property is not left in limbo and ownerless. TALKS OVER STORE PLANS by Evening Gazette (Middlesbrough, England))
		law	payment into court	внесение денег в депозит суда (‘Payment into court' has for a long time been a device to promote settlement. The defendant paid a sum of money into a court account as an offer of settlement. If the claimant accepted the money, the case was ended and he got his costs as well. If the claimant refused the offer, the defendant could increase his payment-in. CME)
		law	pecuniary compensation	денежная компенсация
		law	person of unsound mind	лицо, страдающее психическим расстройством (84k & 9k UK hits for sing&pl. Act of a person of unsound mind- Nothing is an offence which is done by a person who at the time of doing it, by reason of unsoundness of mind, is incapable of ... | Treatment of persons of unsound mind and mental defectives.)
		law	personal service	личное вручение судебного приказа (Personal delivery (i.e. not by mail) of a claim, summons or notice. LT)

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